Low-noise active-pixel sensor for imaging arrays with high speed row reset

ABSTRACT

An active pixel sensor circuit including a photodetector, a first MOS transistor functioning as the driver of a source follower amplifier during signal readout, a second MOS transistor serving as a pixel readout transistor, a third MOS transistor serving as a photodetector reset transistor, and a reset noise cancellation circuit including a fourth MOS transistor, first and second capacitances, and an amplifier having a gain which is a specified multiple of the ratio of the first to the second capacitance. The first capacitance is connected in parallel to the photodector. The amplifier reduces the reset noise caused by resetting the photodector without having to implement correlated double sampling.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No.09/149,937 filed on Sep. 9, 1998.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to electronic imaging devices and, inparticular, to low-noise MOS-based imagers having minimal analogcomponents in each pixel. The invention provides both a method andapparatus for significantly improving cancellation of reset noise in anMOS active pixel sensor (APS).

2. Description of Related Art

The prior art describes many alternatives to CCD sensors for generatingvideo or still images. The various schemes can be grouped into two basicclasses, depending upon whether signal amplification is performed ateach pixel or in support circuits. In the passive-pixel sensor, pixelsimplicity and optical fill factor are maximized. Active-pixel sensors(APS's) include an amplifier at each pixel site to instead optimizesignal transfer and sensitivity.

The simplest passive pixel comprises a photodiode and an accesstransistor wherein the photo-generated charge is passively transferredfrom each pixel to downstream circuits. The integrated charge must,however, be efficiently transferred with low noise and lownonuniformity. Since each column of pixels often shares a common row orcolumn bus for reading the signal, noise and nonuniformity suppressionare typically facilitated in the “column” buffer servicing each bus. InU.S. Pat. No. 5,043,820, Wyles teaches using a buffer amplifier withcapacitive feedback to yield reasonable sensitivity considering thelarge bus capacitance. Since such charge-amplification means were notgenerally practical for on-chip implementation in early MOS imagingsensors, alternative means compatible with NMOS technology were used.One approach which as mass-produced by Hitachi for camcorders isdescribed in “MOS Area Sensor, etc . . . ” Parts I and II” in IEEETrans. Electron Devices, ED-27 (8), August, 1980, pp. 1676-1687. The keyrefinements with respect to the transimpedance amplifier includeanti-blooming control and circuitry for reducing fixed pattern noise.Though these imagers were inferior to the emerging charge coupled device(CCD) imagers available at the time, similar MOS imagers are still beingoffered commercially.

Subsequent efforts at improving passive-pixel imager performance havealso focused on column buffer enhancements. One improvement to thecolumn buffer involved using an enhancement/depletion inverter amplifierto provide reasonably large amplification in a small amount of realestate; its 40 lux (lx) sensitivity was nevertheless nearly an order ofmagnitude below that of competing CCD-based sensors. Another improvementboth enhanced sensitivity and facilitated automatic gain control viacharge amplification in the column buffer. Recently, those working inthe art have revisited the original capacitive-feedback transimpedanceamplifier (CTIA) concept because the CTIA appears to the inventors to benearly ideal for passive-pixel readout if issues with temporal noisepickup and fixed-pattern noise are adequately addressed.

Though much progress has been made in developing passive-pixel imagers,their temporal S/N performance is fundamentally inferior to competingCCD imagers because the bus capacitance translates to read noise of ≈100e−. CCDs, on the other hand, typically have read noise of 20 to 40 e− atvideo frame rates. Nevertheless, the allure of producing imagers inconventional MOS fabrication technologies rather than esoteric CCDprocesses (which usually require many implantation steps and complexinterface circuitry in the camera) has encouraged the development ofactive-pixel sensors that can better compete with CCDs.

It appears to the inventors that the first step in such development isto mitigate the noise associated with the bus capacitance. One approachhas been to add amplification to the pixel via the phototransistor bymeans of a Base-Stored Image Sensor (BASIS) which uses a bipolartransistor in emitter follower configuration together with a downstreamcorrelated double sampler to suppress random and temporal noise. Bystoring the photogenerated-signal on the phototransistor's base toprovide charge amplification, the minimum scene illumination wasreportedly reduced to 10⁻³ lx in a linear sensor array. However, theminimum scene illumination was higher (10⁻² lx) in a two-dimensionalBASIS imager having 310,000 pixels because the photoresponsenonuniformity was relatively high (≦2%). These MOS imagers had adequatesensitivity, but their pixel pitch was too large at about 13 μm. It hasthus appeared desirable to the inventors to shrink the pixel pitch whilealso reducing photoresponse nonuniformity.

Since the incorporation of bipolar phototransistors is not strictlycompatible with mainstream CMOS processes, others have segregatedphotodetection and signal amplification in an active-pixel sensoressentially comprising a three-transistor pixel with photodiode. Allsuch proposals still offer inadequate performance. One approachdiscussed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,696, for example, augments the basicsource-follower configuration with a column buffer that cancels fixedpattern noise, but adds a fourth transistor in a manner that creates afloating node vulnerable to generation of random offsets fromcharge-pumping and concomitant charge redistribution. U.S. Pat. No.5,043,820 offers a method for injecting charge to reduce offset errors,but not with adequate accuracy and resolution to be useful for competingwith CCDs. Furthermore, these and other similar approaches which require3-4 transistors in the pixel (at least one of which is relatively largeto minimize amplifier l/f noise) in addition to the photodiode, alsorequire off-chip signal processing for best S/N performance because noneaddresses the dominant source of temporal noise, namely the reset or“KTC” noise.

In order to eliminate or greatly suppress the reset (kTC) noisegenerated by resetting the detector capacitance, a dedicated memoryelement is usually needed, either on-chip or off-chip, to store thereset voltage to apply correlated double sampling by coherentlysubtracting the stored correlated reset noise while each pixel'sphoto-generated voltage is being read. U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,515subsequently addressed this basic deficiency by developing an APS thatuses intra-pixel charge transfer to store the reset charge at each pixelat the start of each imaging frame. This floating gate APS facilitatescorrelated double sampling with high efficiency by adding severaltransistors and relying on a photogate for signal detection.

As those skilled in the art will appreciate, in conventional correlateddouble sampling (CDS) the reset noise is sampled, stored and latersubtracted from the composite signal level. Both temporal and spatialnoise are reduced since the reset noise is correlated within each frame.CDS, however, requires a storage means for each pixel that resideseither on- or off-chip. Adding the memory element to each pixelcompromises the pixel optical fill factor or often requires circuitelements not strictly compatible with standard CMOS processes. Onealternative—adding the memory cell to the integrated circuit—greatlyadds to the chip area and associated fabrication cost or increasesvulnerability to blooming and lag. A second alternative—providing thememory in support electronics—requires both full frame memory to storethe reset levels on a frame-by-frame basis and signal processingelectronics to digitally subtract the stored reset values.

The drawbacks of various prior art approaches are intractable becausethey increase imager cost. For example, the '515 patent approach addsseveral transistors to each pixel and several million transistors toeach imager thereby reducing production yield. The BASIS apparatusemploying bipolar transistors is not compatible with standard CMOS gatefabrication so a nonstandard process must be developed. Thesedeficiencies were subsequently addressed by Ackland U.S. Pat. Nos.5,576,763 and 5,541,402; and by Chi in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,587,596 and5,608,243. Ackland addresses the image lag issues associated with theintra-pixel charge transfer means but still requires a non-standard CMOSprocess. Chi reduces pixel complexity at the expense of reset noise byinstead using the simplest possible active pixel comprising only aphototransistor and reset MOSFET. Chi's implementation incurs resetnoise and compromises spectral response at longer wavelengths by puttingthe photodiode in an n-well.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention facilitates creation of an improved electronic imagingsystem and also provides an improved method and apparatus for cancelingreset noise in an APS. A key feature of the invention is an integratedlow-noise amplifier that provides low temporal and fixed pattern noisewhile simultaneously providing reasonably high optical fill factor inmature, cost-effective CMOS processes. Application of the inventionfacilitates construction of a video camera that can be configured as asingle CMOS integrated circuit supported by only an oscillator and abattery.

Important aspects of the present invention are an improved active pixelsensor, as well as a low-noise imaging system for implementation in CMOSor in other semiconductor fabrication technologies. The low-noiseamplifier system minimizes the reset noise generated by resetting theintegration capacitance via a novel active pixel sensor (APS)implementation that is capable of reasonably high optical collectionefficiency in ≦0.5 μm CMOS. The lower noise of the active pixel sensorsignificantly increases the maximum attainable on-chip signal-to-noiseratio relative to the current state-of-the-art. Many current systemsrequire either expensive off-chip memory and signal processing oralternative APS schemes which attempt to mimic charge-coupled devicetechnology to achieve low noise. The latter schemes are typically notdirectly manufacturable using standard CMOS processes. The presentinvention can be readily manufactured in conventional CMOS processesavailable at many production foundries.

The new active-pixel sensor comprises a photodetector and fourtransistors to eliminate the reset noise which otherwise occurs. Threeof the transistors can be sized using the minimum possible dimensionsset by the lithography to maximize the collection area of thephototransistor. The invention obviates the otherwise ubiquitous needfor conventional correlated double sampling (CDS) by effectivelyconstructing an active-pixel comprising a photodiode, two capacitors andfour transistors.

To minimize total cost and the signal processing burden for thedownstream electronics while also facilitating the production oflow-noise CMOS imagers with reasonably high optical fill factor and lownoise, the inventors add a fourth transistor to the basic threetransistor CMOS active pixel sensor to null the reset noise. Via astraightforward layout, the fourth transistor facilitates the additionof a relatively small storage capacitor, C_(store), adjacent to thephotodiode and a small capacitance, C_(fb), to couple the storage nodeto the photodiode. The small capacitive coupling provides a linearattenuation in which the programming waveform actively modifies thephotodiode voltage to cancel the reset noise. Just after each pixel isreset, a feedback amplifier servicing the pixel and having a gain equalto a specified multiple of the linear attenuation factor, nulls out thenoise (both temporal and FPN), and the storage capacitor is thenlatched. Upon readout of the photogenerated signal after the prescribedsignal integration time, the “raw” output is thus devoid of asubstantial portion of the reset noise. This technique does not sufferthe bandwidth limitations of other feedback-based schemes and istherefore compatible with higher row reset rates for video rate imagingof large format imagers. Also, it does not require additional memory tostore each pixel's offset voltage.

The four transistor APS of the present invention comprises a firsttransistor that functions as the driver of a source follower amplifierduring signal readout, a second transistor which facilitates signalreadout, a third transistor which serves as a reset switch and a fourthtransistor to cancel the reset noise. The reset and read operations areappropriately facilitated by on-chip digital clocking logic that readsthe signal from each pixel, multiplexes the signal outputs from an arrayof pixels, resets the pixels, and enables the array of feedback loops tocancel the imager's reset noise on a pixel-by-pixel basis. In thetypical two-dimensional array, the multiplexing is performed, as in theprior art, by horizontal and vertical shift registers. Just after allthe active pixels in a row (in a one- or two-dimensional imaging array)are reset on a row-by-row basis, each column buffer cancels the selectedpixel's reset noise by appropriately modifying the photodiode voltage atthe start of the integration cycle.

For a visible imager APS design, one additional transistor is needed ineach pixel as compared to the basic three-transistor APS design. Thisrequirement compromises the optical fill factor, but to a much smallerdegree than if an optimally sized CDS capacitor were used instead. Inaddition, since the gate-to-source capacitance of the nulling “fourth”transistor is used, and since this capacitance is formed by increasingthe gate-to-source overlap via the thin gate oxide, the necessary realestate is small. The required area is further reduced as compared tothat required for an optimally-sized CDS capacitor. While storing avoltage on the coupling capacitor also generates a reset noise, thisreset noise is effectively reduce d by the feedback amplifier's gain andthe attenuation of the path from the storage node to the photodiodenode. The feedback gain is nominally set to some multiple k of thereciprocal of the attenuation factor, i.e.:$A_{V} \approx {\frac{C_{pJ}}{C_{fb}}(k)}$

The present invention also eliminates feedthrough-induced offsetsstemming from charge pumping. Applying feedback via the column buffersuppresses reset noise without having to implement correlated doublesampling via on-chip or off-chip memory.

The low noise amplifier system of the present invention is formed by theaggregate circuitry in each pixel, and the waveform generation circuitsand column buffers servicing that column or row of pixels. The signalsfrom the active pixels are read out by the low-noise signalamplification system consisting of the active-pixel, the waveformgenerators and the column buffer. In addition to providing the means forsuppressing the detector's reset noise, the column buffer in thedownstream electronics also may perform other typical functions, some ofwhich are optional, including sample-and-hold, video pipelining, andcolumn amplifier offset cancellation to suppress the temporal andspatial noise that would otherwise be generated by the column buffer.

The low-noise system provides the following key functions: (1) resetnoise suppression using space-efficient analog memory in each pixel tofacilitate reset noise suppression; (2) high sensitivity via sourcefollower amplification; (3) adequate power supply rejection to enabledevelopment of cameras-on-a-chip that do not require elaborate supportelectronics; (4) compatibility with application to imaging arrays havingpixel pitch less than 5 microns when using 0.25 μm lithography; and (5)enables reasonable optical fill factors using lower cost 0.5 μmlithography at 5 μm pixel pitch.

The invention has the advantage of full process compatibility withstandard silicided submicron CMOS, helps to maximize yield and minimizedie cost because the circuit complexity is distributed among theactive-pixels and peripheral circuits, and exploits the signalprocessing capability inherent to CMOS. The invention's spectralresponse is broad from the near-ultraviolet (400 nm) to the near-IR(>800 nm).

Because the low-noise system of the present invention uses four MOSFETs,three of which are nearly minimum size, the invention offers as-drawnoptical fill factor of approximately 12% at 7 μm pixel pitch using 0.5μm design rules in the single-poly, three-metal CMOS available from manyfoundries. The actual optical fill factor is somewhat larger due tolateral collection and the large carrier diffusion length of commercialCMOS processes. Migrating the scheme to 0.25 μm rules increases the fillfactor to above 40%. A final advantage is the flexibility to collocatedigital logic and signal-processing circuits due to the invention'simmunity to electromagnetic interference.

When fully implemented in the desired camera-on-a-chip architecture, thelow-noise APS with fast reset can provide temporal read noise<15 e− atdata rates compatible with either high frame rate video imaging or stillphotography via electronic means. It is also capable of minimizing fixedpattern noise to below 0.01% of the maximum signal (on a par withcompeting CCD imagers), <0.5% nonlinearity, ˜1V signal swing for 3.3Vpower supply, large charge-handling capacity, and variable sensitivityusing simple serial interface updated on a frame-by-frame basis viadigital interface to a host microprocessor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The just described invention, as well as its objects and advantages,will become readily apparent upon reference to the following detaileddescription when considered in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, in which like reference numerals designate like partsthroughout the Figures thereof, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating an amplifier systemcomprising a source follower per detector used in active-pixel imagingsensors of the prior art;

FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating the low-noiseactive-pixel of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating the low-noiseactive-pixel of the preferred embodiment during offset-nulling feedback;

FIG. 4 is a schematic circuit diagram illustrating the low-noiseactive-pixel of an alternative embodiment of the present inventionduring offset-nulling feedback;

FIG. 5 shows a representative clocking diagram for the preferredembodiment; and

FIG. 6 shows a representative clocking diagram for the alternateembodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The following description is provided to enable any person skilled inthe art to make and use the invention and sets forth the best modescontemplated by the inventors of carrying out their invention. Variousmodifications, however, will remain readily apparent to those skilled inthe art.

Visible imaging systems implemented in CMOS have the potential forsignificant reductions in cost and power requirements in components suchas image sensors, drive electronics, and output signal conditioningelectronics. An objective is a video camera that can be configured as asingle CMOS integrated circuit supported by only an oscillator and abattery. Such a CMOS imaging system requires lower voltages anddissipates much less power than a CCD-based system. These improvementstranslate into smaller camera size, longer battery life, andapplicability to many new products.

Because of the advantages offered by CMOS visible imagers, there havebeen ongoing efforts to develop active-pixel sensor (APS) devices.Active-pixel sensors can provide low read noise comparable or superiorto scientific grade CCD systems. The active circuit in each pixel of anAPS device, however, utilizes cell “real estate” that could otherwise beused to enable imagers having optical format compatible with standardlenses and/or to maximize the sensor optical fill factor for highsensitivity. Active-pixel circuits also may increase power dissipationrelative to passive-pixel alternatives, increase fixed pattern noise(possibly requiring additional circuitry to suppress the noise), andlimit the scalability of the technology.

The CMOS readout and amplification system provided according to thepresent invention is directly applicable to a practical design for anactive-pixel array. A representative embodiment of the low-noise APSinvention is configurable, for example, as a visible imager comprisingan array of 1032 (columns) by 776 (rows) of visible light detectors(photodetectors). Using standard 0.5 μm design rules, the rows andcolumns of pixel can be spaced at 7 microns center-to-center to achievean as-drawn optical fill factor of 12%. Adding microlenses over theoptically active area increases the effective fill factor to over 50%.Other conceptual computer-aided design (CAD) layouts using 0.25 μm rulesimply that the scheme provides as-drawn optical fill factor of >50% at ahighly desirable pitch of 5.6 μm. Several columns and rows of detectorsat the perimeter of the light-sensitive region can be covered with metalto establish the dark level for various signal processing functionsincluding automatic gain control. In addition, the detectors in each rowcan be covered with color filters to produce color imagers. For example,the odd rows may begin at the left with red, green, then blue filters,and the even rows may begin with blue, red, then green filters, withthese patterns repeating to fill the respective rows.

A low-noise active-pixel sensor 10 according to the preferred embodimentof the present invention is illustrated in the schematic diagram of FIG.2. In the preferred embodiment, each pixel 10 of the sensor arrayincludes a photodetector, such as a photodiode 12. The cathode or node Nof the photodiode 12 connects to the gate G₁ of a driver MOSFET M1, thesource S₃ of a reset MOSFET M3 and one side of a coupling capacitorC_(fb). The second side of the coupling capacitor C_(fb) connects to oneside of a storage capacitor C_(store), and to the drain D₄ of the MOSFETM4. The gate G₄ of the MOSFET M4 connects to a feedback bus 28. A videobus 20 connects all the pixel outputs V₁ . . . V_(n) in a column of thephotodetector array, via a respective pixel enable MOSFET M2, to acommon current source 30 and a column buffer 40. A row or column bus 22connects the drain D₁ of the first MOSFET M1 of each pixel 10 in acolumn to the power supply voltage V_(DD) and reset voltage V_(rst). Arow or column bus 24 connects the gate G₃ of each MOSFET M3 of eachpixel 10 in a column to the reset clock, Φ_(rst). A row bus 26 connectsthe drain D₃ of each MOSFET M3 of each pixel in a row to the row resetsupply voltage V_(rst). The shared voltage V_(rst), V_(dd) is set toabout 2.5V during the time each specific row is being processed and isotherwise disconnected when other rows are successively read out, resetand their reset noise adaptively nulled. In the embodiment shown in FIG.1, V_(rst) and V_(dd) are shown as being applied at the same point, withbuses 22, 26 connected together to maximize optical fill factor.Alternatively, buses 22 and 26 could be disconnected tom one another andseparately connected to voltage sources V_(dd), V_(rst) as shown incopending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/081,541, filed May 19,1998, incorporated by reference herein, to maximize dynamic range inprocesses having at least three metal levels.

Each transistor M1, M2, M3, M4 may be referred to as having three legs.For an MOS transistor, these legs correspond respectively to its source,gate and drain sides. Each transistor may be further referenced ashaving a control leg, which would correspond, for example, to the gateterminal of an MOS transistor or the base of a bipolar transistor.

The photodiode 12 may comprise a substrate diode, for example, with thesilicide cleared. In such an embodiment, which is compatible with mostCMOS processes, it is necessary to clear the silicide because it isopaque to visible light. Those skilled in the art will appreciate thateach pixel 10 is designed in the simplest form to obtain the largestavailable light detecting area while providing broad spectral response,control of blooming and signal integration time, and compatibility withCMOS production processes.

For maximum compatibility with standard submicron CMOS processes, thephotodiode 12 may be formed at the same time as the lightly doped drain(LDD) implant of n-type MOSFETs for the chosen process; this creates ann-on-p photodiode junction in the p-type substrate. Since no additionalion implantation is necessary, the process and wafer cost for theactive-pixel circuit 10 are the same as those of standard, high volumedigital electronic products.

FIG. 3 shows the active-pixel 10 configured in the offset-nulling mode.The signals from the photodetectors 12 are read out after a prescribedintegration time one row at a time, from bottom to top of the array toaccommodate lens-related image reversal. During signal integration forn-on-p photodetector polarity, the photodiode node N driving the gate ofthe source follower M1 discharges from the reset voltage, V_(rst), to alower voltage. The discharge rate depends directly upon the incidentsignal. Within each row, the photodetectors 12 are read out from left toright. In preparation for reading and resetting each row, V_(rst) is setto about 2.5V. The upper leg of the first MOSFET M1 is connected via therow bus 22 to a low-impedance voltage source V_(dd) to maximize dynamicrange. Otherwise, to maximize optical fill factor, it is connected toV_(rst). Readout then starts by turning on the access or “row select”MOSFETs M2 of all the photodetectors 12 in a selected row. The lower legof the access MOSFET M2 thereby connects to a current source 30servicing each column via bus 20. As noted, the first MOSFET M1 is asource follower driver that efficiently transfers the conditioned,photo-induced signal voltage source 30 servicing each column via bus 20.As noted, the first MOSFET M1 is a source follower driver thatefficiently transfers the conditioned, photo-induced signal voltage fromeach row-selected photodiode 12 to the column bus 20. The transimpedanceof the source follower amplifier is inversely proportional to the totalcapacitance at the gate of the first driver or MOSFET M1 including thedetector and various strays.

The photodetectors 12 are reset one row at a time, from bottom to top ofthe array. Within each row, photodetectors 12 are read out from left toright. Reset starts by fully enabling the reset MOSFETs M3 in theselected row by setting the gate voltage to 3.3V via the Φ_(rst) clock,thereby connecting the low-impedance voltage source V_(rst) to eachphotodiode 12 in a row. This clears the photo-induced charge from thephotodiodes 12.

During the offset suppression epoch, a feedback amplifier 50 is firstprogrammed to some multiple of the ratio of C_(pd) to C_(fb). In thepreferred embodiment, the multiple used is approximately 2.5.Experiments have shown the preferred value to be in the range ofapproximately 2.5-3.0. During signal readout, on the other hand, thefeedback amplifier 50 is otherwise programmed to a gain commensuratewith the desired signal sensitivity needed for optimum imaging. The nulland latch clock, Φ_(null&latch), is next raised from ground to thesupply voltage V_(dd) to enable the fourth MOSFET M4 and close thefeedback loop comprising the feedback bus 101 and the column buffer 40.The amplified pixel reset signal thus applies a voltage to the storagecapacitance, C_(store). Since the pixel 10 has just been reset andseveral microseconds have transpired to allow the output to settle, thesignal voltage on C_(store) is predominantly the amplified offset noise.The amplified offset applied to the storage capacitor C_(store)subsequently capacitively couples, via the small coupling capacitorC_(fb), to the integrating node of the photodiode 12 and its capacitanceC_(pd) with a linear attenuation that is roughly proportional to theratio of C_(fb) to C_(pd). This linear attenuation normalizes theamplified offset signal to approximately unity and the resultingphotodiode voltage is essentially devoid of reset noise.

The capacitor C_(fb) is formed by suitably overlapping either thestorage node N or an available interconnect layer to a photodiodeinterconnect layer. The capacitor C_(store) is formed by a MOSFETcapacitor that is preferably implemented by increasing thegate-to-diffusion overlap of the MOSFET M4 to achieve the desiredcapacitance. Since the photodiode capacitance will typically be on theorder of 10⁻¹⁴ F for CMOS active-pixels in 5 to 8 μm pitch, thecapacitor C_(store) can be an order of magnitude smaller because thereset noise created by programming C_(store) is attenuated by the ratioof C_(fb) to C_(pd). The linear attenuation within the pixel 10 hencereduces the requisite C_(store) size by over an order of magnitudecompared to the classic implementation of correlated doubled sampling.The capacitance C_(fb) is chosen in practice to be on the order of 1 fFto provide roughly ten-fold linear attenuation. The preferred embodimentthus embodies the size-reducing advantage of simulating two capacitorsand obviates using two discrete capacitors or other charge storagemeans.

Hence, just after each pixel 10 is reset, the feedback amplifier 50servicing the pixel 10 nulls out the noise (both temporal and FPN), andthe voltage on the storage capacitor C_(store) is then latched. Uponreadout, the “raw” video output is thus devoid of the reset noisestemming from the reset noise created by resetting the detectorcapacitance. The reset noise created by programming the storagecapacitance C_(store) is attenuated by about an order of magnitude tomake it negligible. This technique does not suffer the bandwidthlimitations of other feedback-based schemes and is therefore compatiblewith higher row reset rates for video rate imaging of large formatimagers. Also, it does not require external memory.

FIG. 4 shows a preferred embodiment for the feedback loop for servicingthe active pixel 10, including the feedback bus 101 and the relevantportion of the column buffer 40 necessary to either feed back theappropriately amplified pixel signal to null the offset noise read, orto read the conditioned APS output signal with suitable gain to achievethe required sensitivity. In addition, the preferred embodiment includesan offset-canceled output buffer to further buffer the video signal.

According to the circuit of FIG. 4, an inverting amplifier 50 buffersthe pixel signal V_(n) with variable, programmable gain and drives anoffset cancellation circuit 60. Programmability of the gain of theamplifier 50 is provided by incorporating several feedback capacitorcombinations 61 to optimize optical sensitivity over a range of camera“f-stops”.

The offset cancellation circuit 60 of FIG. 4 cancels offsets created bythe amplifier 50. The amplifier 60 provides unity gain and includes amain amplifier 62 comprising a single stage, transconductor with a highoutput impedance connected to an output bus 61. A unity gain buffer isobtained by connecting the output 61 of the amplifier 62 to itsinverting (−) input through a feedback connection offset switch 64,unhooking the reference voltage REF1 by means of a reference switch 66,and connecting the photo-generated signal supplied by the output 59 ofthe amplifier 50 to the noninverting (+) input of the amplifier 62.Threshold adjustment is obtained by placing a low transconductanceamplifier 72 in parallel with the main amplifier 62. To cancel theoffset, the amplifier 62 is put in a high gain mode by opening thefeedback connection switch 64. The inverting (−) input to amplifier 72is tied to the reference voltage REF1, and the output 61 is connected toa filter capacitor 74 and a sample capacitor 76 through an offset switch78. In response, the amplifier 72 generates a current to cancel theunbalance current of the main amplifier 62. The correction voltage istrapped on the capacitor 76, and the main amplifier 62 is restored toits unity gain configuration. This technique of offset cancellation isfurther described in Degrauwe et al., “A Micropower CMOS-InstrumentationAmplifier,” IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. SC-20, No. 3, pp.805-807 (June 1985).

FIG. 5 shows a representative clocking waveform pertaining to thecircuitry of FIG. 3 to enable successively reading the pixel 10,resetting the pixel 10 and extinguishing the pixel's reset noise. In thebasic timing diagram of FIG. 5, each row of the imager is processed overa line time of approximately 25 μsec. While much shorter line times arepossible, the example is consistent with a 1024×768 imager operating atroughly a 60 Hz frame rate. During the 25 μsec interval when Row N isselected, each specific pixel 10 in the row N is read, reset and thenthe offset noise for each pixel in the row is canceled. Pixel Read iseasily accommodated over the first 15 μsec of the line period. All ofthe pixels 10 in the row are then reset over about 2 μsec by strobingΦ_(rst) and allowing the pixels 10 to settle for an additional 2 μsec.The Φ_(null&latch) clock is then strobed to close the feedback loop andextinguish the selected pixel's reset noise. Identical clock waveformsare then applied to all of the pixels of the next row (N+1).

The preferred embodiment of FIG. 4 requires the clocking shown in FIG.6. In FIG. 6, the “Offset” clock is added to the basic waveform setpreviously described to facilitate operation of the offset cancellationcircuit 60 of the column buffer 40. During the 25 μsec interval when RowN is selected via the enable clock Φ_(N), buffer offset cancellation isfirst accomplished so that each column buffer has negligible offsetnonuniformity. Strobing the Offset clock first opens the feedback loopduring the first several microseconds of the available row epoch to nullthe input offset nonuniformity to the order of 100 μV. The, feedbackloop is then closed to subsequently provide output buffering at unitygain with negligible dc offset. All of the pixels 10 in a row are read,reset and then their offset noise is canceled. Pixel Read is easilyaccommodated over the first 15 μsec of the line period. The pixel isfirst reset for about 2 μsec by strobing Φ_(rst). It is then allowed tosettle for about 2 μsec. The Φ_(null&latch) clock is then strobed toclose the pixel-column buffer feedback loop and extinguish the selectedpixel's reset noise. Identical clock waveforms are then applied to thenext row (N+1). Those skilled in the art will appreciate that theembodiment of FIGS. 4 and 6 reduces the various offsets including thereset noise and the threshold voltage offsets from the MOSFET M2 in eachpixel because each photodetector 12 is independently nulled to cancelall pixel-to-pixel variations including those induced by substratecharge pumping.

In various preferred embodiments according to the present invention, thevarious clocks which together facilitate active-pixel reset, readout andoffset noise elimination, are generated on-chip using standard CMOSdigital logic and both column and row clocks. The digital logic thusenables “windowing” and various other region-of-interest functionsincluding random access, wherein a user can read out the imager invarious formats and locations simply by enabling the appropriate supportlogic to clock the appropriate subformat. With windowing, the 1032×776format of the candidate embodiment can be read out as one or morearbitrarily sized and positioned M×N arrays without having to read outthe entire array. For example, a user might desire to change acomputer-compatible “VGA” format (i.e., approximately 640×480) to eitherCommon Interface Format (CIF; nominally 352×240) or Quarter CommonInterface Format (QCIF; nominally 176×120) without having to read outall the pixels in the entire array. This feature simplifies supportelectronics to reduce cost and match the needs of the particularcommunication medium. As an example, a personal teleconference link to aremote user having only QCIF capability could be optimized to provideQCIF resolution and thus reduce bandwidth requirements throughout theteleconference link while also subformat. With windowing, the 1032×776format of the candidate embodiment can be read out as one or morearbitrarily sized and positioned M×N arrays without having to read outthe entire array. For example, a user might desire to change acomputer-compatible “VGA” format (i.e., approximately 640×480) to eitherCommon Interface Format (CIF; nominally 352×240) or Quarter CommonInterface Format (QCIF; nominally 176×120) without having to read outall the pixels in the entire array. This feature simplifies supportelectronics to reduce cost and match the needs of the particularcommunication medium. As an example, a personal teleconference link to aremote user having only QCIF capability could be optimized to provideQCIF resolution and thus reduce bandwidth requirements throughout theteleconference link while also reducing the imager power dissipation. Asa further example, an imager configured in Common Interface Format (CIF)could provide full-CIF images while supplying windowed information forthe portions of the image having the highest interest for signalprocessing and data compression. During teleconferencing the windowaround a person's mouth (for example) could be supplied more frequentlythan the entire CIF image. This scheme would reduce bandwidthrequirements throughout the conference link.

Those skilled in the art will appreciate that various adaptations andmodifications of the just-described preferred embodiment can beconfigured without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.Therefore, it is to be understood that, within the scope of the appendedclaims, the invention may be practiced other than as specificallydescribed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. An active pixel circuit having a photodetector, asource follower driver transistor, a row select transistor, a resettransistor, and a fourth transistor, the circuit comprising: a firstcapacitor connected in parallel with the photodetector; a secondcapacitor connected between the reset transistor and the fourthtransistor; and a feedback amplifier connected between the row selecttransistor and the fourth transistor, wherein the gain of the amplifierequals a specified multiple of a reciprocal of a linear attenuationfactor.
 2. The circuit of claim 1, wherein the reciprocal of the linearattenuation factor is a ratio of the value of the first capacitor to thevalue of the second capacitor.
 3. The circuit of claim 2, wherein thefeedback amplifier reduces reset noise caused by resetting thephotodetector.
 4. The circuit of claim 3, further comprising a thirdcapacitor connected between a node, formed by the fourth transistor andthe second capacitor, and a circuit ground.
 5. An active pixel sensorcircuit comprising: (a) a photodetector element having a node; (b) afirst transistor having a control leg connected to the node and secondand third legs, the third leg being connected to a power supply voltage;(c) a second transistor having a control leg and fourth and fifth legs,the fourth leg connected to the second leg of the first transistor; (d)a third transistor having a control leg and sixth and seventh legs, theseventh leg being connected to a reset voltage source; (e) a fourthtransistor having a control leg and eighth and ninth legs; (f) a firstcapacitance connected in parallel to the photodector; and (g) a secondcapacitance formed between the eighth leg and the sixth leg.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 5 further including an amplifier having an outputconnected to the ninth leg, the amplifier having a gain equal to aspecified multiple of the ratio of the first capacitance to the secondcapacitance.
 7. The circuit of claim 6, wherein the amplifier reducesreset noise caused by resetting the photodetector.
 8. The apparatus ofclaim 7 wherein each of the first, second, third and fourth transistorscomprises a MOSFET.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein each the MOSFETis fabricated in CMOS.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein thephotodetector comprises a substrate diode with a silicide portionthereof removed.
 11. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the secondcapacitance comprises an overlapping portion of the node and aninterconnect layer of the diode.
 12. The apparatus of claim 5 whereinthe second capacitance comprises a first interconnect layer overlappinga second interconnect layer.
 13. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein thesecond interconnect layer is a photodiode interconnect layer.
 14. Theapparatus of claim 8 wherein the photodetector comprises an n on pphotodiode junction in a p-type substrate.
 15. The apparatus of claim 8wherein the photodetector comprises a p on n photodiode junction in ann-type substrate.
 16. The apparatus of claim 5 comprising a thirdcapacitance formed between the eight leg and the sixth leg.
 17. In anactive pixel circuit including a photodetector, a source follower driverMOS transistor, a row select MOS transistor, a reset MOS transistor, afourth MOS transistor, and first and second capacitances, the firstcapacitance connected in parallel to the photodetector, a method forreducing reset noise, the method comprising: arranging the first andsecond capacitances to apply a ratio of the values thereof to a voltageon one of them; reading out the voltage on the photodetector; resettingthe photodetector; and canceling reset noise created by resetting thephotodetector by applying a gain which is a specified multiple of theinverse of the ratio to generate a noise cancellation signal for supplyto the fourth transistor.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the step ofreading out the voltage on the photodetector includes the step ofholding off the reset MOS transistor and turning on the row select MOStransistor.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein the step of resetting thephotodetector comprises the step of fully enabling the reset MOStransistor.
 20. The method of claim 18 wherein the step of reading outthe voltage further includes the step of programming a feedbackamplifier to a gain selected to provide desired signal sensitivity foroptimum imaging.
 21. The method of claim 17 wherein the step ofcanceling reset noise includes the step of setting a gain of a feedbackamplifier equal to a specified multiple of the inverse of the ratio. 22.The method of claim 21 wherein the step of reading out the voltagefurther includes the step of programming the feedback amplifier to again selected to provide desired signal sensitivity for optimum imaging.23. The method of claim 21 wherein the step of canceling the reset noisefurther comprises the step of enabling the fourth transistor to close afeedback loop to the first capacitance, the feedback loop including thefeedback amplifier.
 24. The method of claim 23 wherein the secondcapacitance supplies a normalizing signal to an integrating node of thephotodiode.
 25. The method of claim 24 further including the step ofcanceling offset created by the feedback amplifier.
 26. In an imagerpixel including a photodetector having a node and further having first,second, third and fourth transistors, a method of improving performancecomprising: creating a first capacitance in parallel with thephotodetector; creating a second capacitance in the pixel adjacent thenode, the first and second capacitances having a ratio; and employing anamplifier having a gain which is a specified multiple of the ratio tocancel reset noise resulting from resetting the photodetector.
 27. Themethod of claim 26 wherein the first, second, third and fourthtransistors comprise MOS transistors.
 28. An imager pixel comprising: aphotodetector; a first capacitance connected in parallel to thephotodector; a second capacitance adjacent the photodetector andconnected so as to supply a voltage on the first capacitance to thephotodetector while multiplying that voltage by the ratio of the secondcapacitance to the first capacitance; a first transistor means forfunctioning as the driver of a source follower amplifier during signalreadout; second transistor means for controlling signal readout; thirdtransistor means for serving as a reset switch; and a fourth transistormeans for transferring a voltage to the first capacitance.
 29. Theimager pixel of claim 28 and further including a feedback circuit forgenerating the voltage.
 30. The invention of claim 29 wherein thefeedback circuit includes an amplifier having a gain which is aspecified multiple of the ratio.